Resolutividade no Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena (SASI-SUS): análise em um serviço de referência no Amazonas, Brasil / Problem-solving in the Indigenous Health Care Subsystem (SASI-SUS): analysis in a reference service in Amazonas, Brazil

Resumo A resolutividade é um dos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil, com sua capacidade de resolver os problemas da população nos diferentes níveis de complexidade da saúde. O Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena (SASI-SUS) integra este sistema, respeitando as especificidades das populações indígenas. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a percepção dos profissionais e gestores de uma Casa de Saúde Indígena (CASAI) a respeito da resolutividade no subsistema quanto às circunstâncias da pandemia. Pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter descritivo, à luz da Política Nacional de Atenção à Saúde dos Povos Indígenas (PNASPI) e da teoria hermenêutica de Paul Ricoeur. Foram realizadas entrevistas entre os participantes a fim de registrar as experiências no processo de trabalho dos atores que cuidam dos indígenas referenciados à Manaus, Amazonas. Foram identificadas, pelas entrevistas, quatro temáticas essenciais: cuidado cultural; educação permanente em saúde & educação em saúde; negociação & improviso e; acolhimento & infraestrutura. A CASAI é uma instituição que vai além de um centro de apoio ou alojamento, sendo ponto de articulação entre os diferentes níveis de atenção aos indígenas e local de produção de cuidados e de saberes, tal como da construção de suas relações, resultando em um espaço resolutivo.

Abstract Problem-solving is one of the principles of the Unified Health System (SUS) in Brazil, with its ability to solve the health problems of the population at different levels of complexity. The Indigenous Health Care Subsystem (SASI-SUS) is part of this service, respecting the specificities of indigenous populations. The scope of this article is to analyze the perception of professionals and managers of an Indigenous Health Center (CASAI) regarding its ability to cope with the circumstances of the pandemic. It involved qualitative and descriptive research under the National Health Care Policy for Indigenous Peoples (PNASPI) and Paul Ricoeur's hermeneutic theory. Interviews were conducted with participants in order to record the experiences in the work process of the actors who assist the indigenous people housed at CASAI. Four essential themes were identified in the interviews: cultural care; permanent education in health & health education; negotiation & improvisation; and reception & infrastructure. CASAI is an institution that is more than a support center or accommodation, being a crossover point between the different levels of care and knowledge production of the indigenous people, as well as a place for establishing a relationship, resulting in a problem-solving space.

Problem Solving And Decision Making As Correlates Of Interpersonal Relationships Of Secondary School Students

Education is an intentionally trained activity focusing at nurturing the harmonious progress of an individual as productive, promising and reasonable individual in the society . A person needs set of skills to deal productively with life situations. Such skills are called life skills which help the person to deal effectively with any condition to get the desired outcomes. The present investigation was designed as a descriptive study and normative survey was the method adopted for the study. Stratified sampling technique has been used to select samples of 60 secondary school students. Problem solving inventory, decision making inventory and inter personal relationship questionnaire were the tools used. The data were analyzed through destructive measures of statistics mainly Mean and Standard Deviation and product moment correlation. From the findings, it can be concluded that there is no significant correlation between problem solving skill and interpersonal relationship, decision making and interpersonal relationship of secondary school students.

Resolutividade no Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena no Brasil: revisão de escopo / Resolubility in the Indigenous Health Care Subsystem in Brazil: scope review / Resolución en el Subsistema de Atención de la Salud Indígena en Brasil: revisión del alcance

RESUMO: A resolutividade relaciona-se à capacidade de solução dos problemas de saúde nos serviços. Em 1999, o Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena foi integrado ao Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil, passando a seguir os seus princípios e diretrizes. Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar e mapear os desafios ou problemas relacionados às práticas em saúde para a resolutividade no Subsistema de Saúde Indígena após a integração. Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo que utilizou seis bases de dados nacionais e internacionais. Os estudos elegíveis tiveram como critério base o mnemônico PCC (P: população indígena; C: desafios ou problemas para a resolutividade; C: subsistema de saúde indígena brasileiro). Foram encontrados 1.748 estudos e selecionados 33, com predomínio de estudos qualitativos. Os desafios ou problemas sensíveis para o processo da resolutividade foram encontrados nos aspectos que tangem à educação em saúde, à interculturalidade, ao acesso universal e aos recursos em gestão. O saber tradicional é pouco valorizado pelo sistema de saúde. A deficiência de recursos humanos e materiais, a falta de efetiva educação permanente e de capacitações para trabalhar no contexto intercultural produzem barreiras de acesso e comprometem a resolutividade nos serviços, aumentando assim as iniquidades em saúde.

ABSTRACT: Resolubility relates to the ability to solve health problems in services. In 1999, the Indigenous Health Care Subsystem was integrated into the Brazilian Unified Health System, following its principles and guidelines. The objective of this study was to identify and map the challenges or problems related to health practices for solving in the Indigenous Health Subsystem after integration. This is a scope review that used six national and international databases. Eligible studies were based on mnemonic PCC (P: indigenous population; C: challenges or problems for resolution; C: Brazilian indigenous health subsystem). A total of 1,748 studies were found and 33 were selected, with predominance of qualitative studies. The challenges or problems that are sensitive to the resolution process were found in the aspects that are related to health education, interculturality, universal access and management resources. Traditional knowledge is underrated by the health system. The deficiency of human and material resources, the lack of effective permanent education and capacitations to work in the intercultural context, produce barriers to access and compromise the resolubility in services, thus increasing the inequities in health.

RESUMEN: La resolución se refiere a la capacidad de resolver problemas de salud en los servicios. En 1999, el Subsistema de Atención de Salud Indígena se integró en el Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil, siguiendo sus principios y directrices. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar y mapear los desafíos o problemas relacionados con las prácticas de salud para resolver en el Subsistema de Salud Indígena después de la integración. Esta es una revisión de alcance que utilizó seis bases de datos nacionales e internacionales. Los estudios elegibles se basaron en PCC mnemónicos (P: población indígena; C: desafíos o problemas para la resolución; C: subsistema de salud indígena brasileño). Se encontraron 1.748 estudios y se seleccionaron 33, con predominio de estudios cualitativos. Los desafíos o problemas que son sensibles al proceso de resolución se encontraron en los aspectos que están relacionados con la educación en salud, la interculturalidad, el acceso universal y los recursos de gestión. El conocimiento tradicional es subestimado por el sistema de salud. La deficiencia de recursos humanos y materiales, la falta de educación permanente efectiva y de capacitaciones para trabajar en el contexto intercultural, producen barreras para acceder y comprometer la solubilidad en los servicios, aumentando así las desigualdades en salud.

Dedução, Indução e a Arte do Raciocínio Clínico na Educação Médica: Revisão Sistemática e Proposta Bayesiana / Deduction, Induction and the Art of Clinical Reasoning in Medical Education: Systematic Review and Bayesian Proposal

Resumo Fundamento O raciocínio clínico está no centro da prática médica e emaranhado em uma confusão conceitual.A teoria da dualidade da probabilidade permite analisar seus aspectos objetivos e subjetivos. Objetivos Fazer revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o raciocínio clínico para tomada de decisão na educação médica e uma proposta chamada "Pensamento Conforme a Regra de Bayes" (PCRB). Métodos A revisão sistemática foi realizada na base PubMed até a data de 27/02/2022, seguindo metodologia rigorosa, por pesquisador experiente em revisão sistemática. A proposta PCRB, apresentada na discussão, foi elaborada no trabalho de conclusão de graduação em Filosofia na Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Usou-se a insuficiência cardíaca como exemplo. Resultados De 3340 artigos encontrados, incluíram-se 154 artigos: 24 tratando da condição de incerteza; 87 tratando de conceitos vagos (discussão de casos, heurística, lista de vieses cognitivos, escolha com sabedoria) incluídos sob o termo 'arte'; e 43 discutindo a ideia geral de raciocínio indutivo ou dedutivo. PCRB oferece regras de coerência e reprodutibilidade, inferência sob incerteza e regra de aprendizado, e pode, por meio da perspectiva subjetiva sobre a probabilidade, incorporar aqueles termos vagos classificados como 'arte', bem como argumentos e evidências. Conclusões A revisão sistemática mostra que o raciocínio é fundado na incerteza, predominantemente probabilístico; além de mostrar algumas possibilidades de erro do pensamento hipotético-dedutivo. O PCRB é um pensamento probabilístico em duas etapas que pode ser ensinado. A regra de Bayes é uma ferramenta linguística, uma regra geral de raciocínio, de diagnóstico, de comunicação científica e de revisão do conhecimento médico conforme novas evidências.

Abstract Background Clinical reasoning is at the core of medical practice and entangled in a conceptual confusion. The duality theory in probability allows to evaluate its objective and subjective aspects. Objectives To conduct a systematic review of the literature about clinical reasoning in decision making in medical education and to propose a "reasoning based on the Bayesian rule" (RBBR). Methods A systematic review on PubMed was conducted (until February 27, 2022), following a strict methodology, by a researcher experienced in systematic review. The RBBR, presented in the discussion section, was constructed in his undergraduate dissertation in Philosophy at Minas Gerais Federal University. Heart failure was used as example. Results Of 3,340 articles retrieved, 154 were included: 24 discussing the uncertainty condition, 87 on vague concepts (case discussion, heuristics, list of cognitive biases, choosing wisely) subsumed under the term "art", and 43 discussing the general idea of inductive or deductive reasoning. RBBR provides coherence and reproducibility rules, inference under uncertainty, and learning rule, and can incorporate those vague terms classified as "art", arguments and evidence, from a subjective perspective about probability. Conclusions This systematic review shows that reasoning is grounded in uncertainty, predominantly probabilistic, and reviews possible errors of the hypothetico-deductive reasoning. RBBR is a two-step probabilistic reasoning that can be taught. The Bayes theorem is a linguistic tool, a general rule of reasoning, diagnosis, scientific communication and review of medical knowledge according to new evidence.

Analyses of the Self-monitoring Scale with the Problem Solving Inventory / Análise da Escala de Automonitoria com o Inventário de Resolução de Problemas Sociais / Análisis de la Escala de Autocontrol con el Inventario de Resolución de Problemas Sociales

Self-monitoring regulates the expression of behavior, which can facilitate relationships in different contexts. The aim of this study was to confirm the factorial structure of the exploratory analysis of the Self-monitoring Scale (SMS) and investigate the effect of the independent variable Self-monitoring on the dependent variable Social Problem Solving. Participants were 400 university students of different degrees, both sexes, aged between 18 and 58 years (M=31.3 and SD=9.4) and with data collected on the spot. Confirmatory Factor Analysis found fit indexes that support the two-factor model, corroborated by the literature. The regression analysis demonstrated that Self-monitoring predicted the Resolution of Social Problems regarding the Problem Orientation (PO) factor, suggesting that students with a higher PO would be less aware of the context to regulate behavior. The study showed the functioning of the instruments that measure concepts that are still little explored in Higher Education studies. (AU)

A automonitoria autorregula a expressão do comportamento, o que pode facilitar os relacionamentos em diferentes contextos. O objetivo do estudo foi confirmar a estrutura fatorial da análise exploratória da Escala de Automonitoria (EA) e investigar o efeito da variável independente Automonitoria na variável dependente Resolução de Problemas Sociais. Participaram 400 universitários, ambos os sexos, idade entre 18 e 58 anos (M = 31,3 e DP = 9,4) e os dados foram coletados in loco. A análise fatorial confirmatória encontrou índices de ajuste que sustentam o modelo de dois fatores, corroborado pela literatura. A análise de regressão apontou que a Automonitoria predisse a Resolução de Problemas Sociais quanto ao fator Orientação de Problema (OP), sugerindo que alunos com maior OP estariam menos atentos ao contexto para regular o comportamento. O estudo mostrou o funcionamento dos instrumentos que mensuram conceitos ainda pouco explorados nas pesquisas na Educação Superior. (AU)

El autocontrol regula la expresión del comportamiento, lo que puede facilitar las relaciones en diferentes contextos. El objetivo del estudio fue confirmar la estructura factorial del análisis exploratorio de la Escala de Autocontrol (EA) e investigar el efecto de la variable independiente Autocontrol sobre la variable dependiente Resolución de Problemas Sociales. Participaron 400 estudiantes universitarios, de ambos sexos, con edades entre 18 y 58 años (M = 31,3 y DS = 9,4) y con datos recolectados en loco. El Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio encontró índices de ajuste que apoyan el modelo de dos factores, corroborado por la literatura. El análisis de regresión señaló que Autocontrol predijo la Resolución de Problemas Sociales con respecto al factor de Orientación al Problema (OP), sugiriendo que los estudiantes con mayor OP serían menos conscientes del contexto para regular la conducta. El estudio mostró el funcionamiento de instrumentos que miden conceptos aún poco explorados en la investigación en la Educación Superior. (AU)

Niños y adultos armando un rompecabezas digital e interactivo en el hogar / Children and Adults Assemblig a Digital and Interactive Puzzle at Home / Crianças e adultos montando um quebra-cabeça digital e interativo em casa

Esta investigación se propuso explorar y analizar las características que presenta la interacción entre niños y adultos con un juego digital e interactivo que implica la solución de un problema, el armado de rompecabezas en una tablet. Se realizaron observaciones seminaturalísticas en los hogares y se indagó mediante un cuestionario la tenencia y hábitos de uso de tecnologías. Las interacciones se analizaron con un sistema de categorías construido inductivamente. Adultos y niños participaron de manera activa en la tarea. Los adultos ayudaron a los niños en su mayo-ría por medio de preguntas, guías e informaciones, acompañadas con frecuencia de acciones no verba-les como señalamientos y arrastre de las piezas. Las intervenciones infantiles fueron en su mayoría no verbales. A pesar de encontrar una fuerte presencia de tecnologías en los hogares, se diferenciaron dos grupos respecto a hábitos de uso: un grupo reportó un bajo uso y los niños no accedían a tablets, otro expresó mayor uso y los niños las utilizabancon frecuencia. Las intervenciones en el armado del rompecabezas se diferenciaron en función de la experiencia infantil con tecnologías. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de investigaciones previas sobre la interacción adulto-niño con herramientas analógicas y digitales.

This study aimed to explore and analyze the charac-teristics of the interaction between children and adults with a digital and interactive game that involves solv-ing a problem, that is, assembling puzzles on a tablet. Semi-naturalistic observations of the interactions in the homes were carried out, and the possession and the habits of the use of were investigated through a survey. The interactions were analyzed with an induc-tively constructed category system. Adults and chil-dren actively participated in the task. Adults helped the children mainly through questions, guidance, and information, accompanied frequently by nonverbal actions, such as pointing at and sliding the pieces. Most of the children's interventions were nonverbal. Despite finding a significant technology presence in the homes, two groups were differentiated regard-ing their habits of use. One group reported little use of technology and no access to tablets for children. Another one expressed that the children used tablets frequently. The interventions in the task differed ac-cording to the children's experience with technologies. The results were discussed considering previous research on adult-child interaction with analogical and digital tools.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo explorar e analisar as características da interação entre crianças e adultos com um jogo digital e interativo que envolve a resolução de um problema, a montagem de quebra-cabeças em um tablet. Observações seminaturalísticas foram feitas nas residências e a posse e hábitos de uso de tecnologia foram indagados por meio de um questio-nário. As interações foram analisadas com um sistema de categorias construído indutivamente. Adultos e crianças participaram ativamente da tarefa. Os adul-tos ajudavam seus filhos principalmente por meio de perguntas, orientações e informações, muitas vezes acompanhadas de ações não verbais, como apontar e arrastar as peças. As intervenções das crianças foram em sua maioria não verbais. Apesar de constatar uma forte presença de tecnologias nas residências, dois grupos se diferenciaram quanto aos hábitos de uso. Um grupo relatou baixo uso e as crianças não acessavam tablets, outro grupo expressou maior uso e as crianças os utilizavam com frequência. As intervenções na montagem do quebra-cabeça foram diferenciadas de acordo com a experiência da criança com as tecnologias. Os resultados são discutidos à luz de pesquisas anteriores sobre a interação adulto-criança com ferramentas analógicas e digitais.

La enseñanza problémica: su aplicación en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las enfermedades cerebrovasculares / Problem-solving teaching: its application to the teaching-learning process in cerebrovascular diseases

RESUMEN Introducción: La revolución de la enseñanza ha permitido pasar de los métodos pasivos a los productivos, basados en la enseñanza a través de la actividad de los estudiantes. Entre estos últimos se destaca, de manera particular, la enseñanza problémica. Objetivo: Analizar la enseñanza problémica en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las enfermedades cerebrovasculares. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de revisión bibliográfica a través del motor de búsqueda Google Académico, en español e inglés, y sin límite de tiempo. Se emplearon los términos: enseñanza, aprendizaje, problémica y métodos. Se incluyeron aquellos estudios que trataban sobre la enseñanza problémica; también, libros impresos y programas de estudio al respecto. Se incluyeron todos los artículos de revisión bibliográfica o investigación original que tratasen algún aspecto relacionado con la enseñanza problémica, y que estuviesen escritos en español o inglés, con suficiente actualidad y calidad científica. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la enseñanza problémica se aplica al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la medicina tanto en pregrado como en posgrado. En la especialización, le permite al residente, frente a un paciente con enfermedad cerebrovascular u otra incluida en el programa de estudio, desarrollar mayor independencia y creatividad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The revolution of teaching has made it possible to move from passive to productive methods, based on teaching through student activity. Among the latter, problem-solving teaching stands out particularly. Objective: To analyze problem-solving teaching in the teaching-learning process of cerebrovascular diseases. Methods: A literature review study was carried out through the Google Scholar search engine, in Spanish and English, and without time limit. The following terms were used: enseñanza [teaching], aprendizaje [learning], problémica [problem-solving] and métodos [methods]. Studies that dealt with problem-solving teaching were included, together with printed books and study programs on the subject. All bibliographic review or original research articles were also included, if they dealt with any aspect related to problem-solving teaching, written in Spanish or English and with enough scientific update and quality. Conclusions: Problem-solving teaching is concluded to be applicable to the teaching-learning process of medicine both in undergraduate and postgraduate levels. In specialization, it allows the resident, when faced with a patient with cerebrovascular disease or another one including in the study program, to develop greater independence and creativity.

Meta-analysis for the effects of problem solving therapy on the elderly patients with depression / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effects of problem solving therapy on the elderly patients with depression by Meta-analysis.Methods:Randomized controlled trials articles regarding the effects of problem solving therapy on the elderly patients with depression were searched from the database of PubMed, EMbase, Medline, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Database and Wanfang Data electronically. SMD was used as the post merger response, and its 95% CI was calculated. Results:Ten articles were recruited and a total of 1 005 patients were included, 501 patients in the intervention group and 504 patients in the control group. Meta-analysis showed that problem solving therapy was significantly better than the control group in the treatment of depressive symptoms in the elderly patients with depression ( SMD =-0.64, 95% CI -0.98 - -0.31, P<0.05); during the follow-up within 3 months and 6 months after the intervention, the improvement of depression in the intervention group was better than that in the control group ( SMD=-0.62, 95% CI -1.00 - -0.25, P<0.05) and ( SMD =-0.79, 95% CI -1.03 - -0.55, P<0.05), respectively. Compared with the control group, the intervention group had an effect on the improvement of dysfunction ( SMD=-1.28, 95% CI -2.22 - -0.35, P<0.05). Conclusions:Problem solving therapy can improve the depressive symptoms of the elderly patients with depression and the clinical effect remains stable for a certain period of time; problem solving therapy has an improvement effect on the dysfunction of the elderly patients with depression.

Fundamentos para resolução de problemas morais e/ou éticos nos comitês de ética em pesquisa / Fundamentals for solving moral and/or ethical problems in research ethics committees / Fundamentos para la resolución de problemas morales y / o éticos en los comités de ética en investigación

Objetivo: Analisar os fundamentos utilizados por membros de Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa, na resolução dos problemas éticos e/ou morais vivenciados durante suas atividades nestes Comitês. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, com uso de questionário online autoaplicado na Plataforma Google Forms, que envolveu 39 membros efetivos de 10 Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa, de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Dados analisados a partir da Configuração Triádica, Humanista, Existencialista, Personalista. Resultados: Entre os fundamentos utilizados por membros dos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa para resolução de problemas morais e/ou éticos vivenciados, estão as instruções e documentos normativos no âmbito da pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos, bioética, princípios e valores. Conclusão: Os membros dos Comitês de Ética utilizam normativas e princípios bióticos para solução de problemas morais e/ou éticos vivenciados em suas atividades, tendo em vista o desenvolvimento de Pesquisas em consonância com os aspectos éticos e científicos adequados. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the fundamentals used by members of Research Ethics Committees in solving ethical and/or moral problems experienced during their activities in these Committees. Methods: Qualitative study, using a self-administered online questionnaire on the Google Forms Platform, which involved 39 effective members of 10 Research Ethics Committees, from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Data analyzed from the Triadic, Humanist, Existentialist, Personalist Configuration. Results: Among the foundations used by members of the Research Ethics Committees to solve moral and/or ethical problems experienced are the instructions and normative documents within the scope of research involving human beings, bioethics, principles and values. Conclusion: The members of the Ethics Committees use norms and bioethics principles to solve moral and/or ethical problems experienced in their activities, with a view to developing research in line with the appropriate ethical and scientific aspects. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar los fundamentos utilizados por los miembros de los Comités de Ética en Investigación en la resolución de problemas éticos y / o morales experimentados durante su actuación en estos Comités. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, utilizando un cuestionario en línea autoadministrado en la plataforma Google Forms, que involucró a 39 miembros efectivos de 10 Comités de Ética en Investigación, de Salvador, Bahía, Brasil. Datos analizados desde la Configuración Triádica, Humanista, Existencialista, Personalista. Resultados: Entre los fundamentos que utilizan los miembros de los Comités de Ética en Investigación para resolver los problemas morales y / o éticos vividos se encuentran las instrucciones y documentos normativos en el ámbito de la investigación con seres humanos, bioética, principios y valores. Conclusión: Los miembros de los Comités de Ética utilizan normas y principios bióticos para resolver problemas morales y/o éticos vividos en sus actividades, con miras a desarrollar la investigación en línea con los aspectos éticos y científicos adecuados (AU)

Aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual: quais são as queixas mais recorrentes dos usuários e suas possíveis relações com ajustes finos? / Hearing aids: what are the most recurrent complaints from users and their possible relationship with fine tuning?

RESUMO Objetivo identificar as queixas mais recorrentes dos usuários de aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual (AASI) e estabelecer possíveis relações que auxiliem a busca de soluções de problemas no processo de adaptação desses dispositivos. Métodos estudo transversal, descritivo e quantitativo, realizado mediante questionário on-line, respondido por 176 fonoaudiólogos. Após computação e organização das respostas, realizou-se uma codificação e foram descritos 30 termos mais recorrentes, referentes às queixas dos usuários. Foram estabelecidas quatro categorias para verificar cada termo relatado e sua correspondência com o problema apontado em cada questão. Para o direcionamento das possíveis relações entre as queixas e suas resoluções, os termos foram divididos nos seguintes aspectos principais do processo de adaptação de AASI: adaptação física, ajuste das características eletroacústicas e características intrínsecas do usuário. Resultados foram descritos 30 termos representativos das queixas, com maior número de ocorrências para o termo "Aparelho muito alto/Som muito alto", que apareceu 223 vezes. O termo "Não escuta nada" apareceu com menor número de ocorrências, 25 vezes. No total, foram encontradas seis queixas relacionadas a aspectos físicos, 17 a ajustes de características eletroacústicas, quatro que poderiam estar relacionadas a ambos os aspectos e duas a características intrínsecas do indivíduo. Conclusão foi possível elencar as queixas mais referidas pelos usuários de AASI. Observou-se que é viável, a partir de uma queixa, direcionar um suposto aspecto relacionado à adaptação e auxiliar os fonoaudiólogos a levantar soluções, apesar de ser clara a necessidade de um olhar individualizado para cada paciente e situação.

ABSTRACT Purpose To identify the most frequent complaints from hearing-aid users and establish possible relationships that might help audiologists solve some problems. Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study, carried out through an online questionnaire, answered by 176 audiologists. After analyzing the responses and computing the terms, coding was performed and the 30 most frequent complaints were described. Four categories were established to verify each reported term and its correspondence with the problem pointed out in each question. To address the possible relationships between complaints and their solutions, the terms were divided into the following main aspects of the hearing aid fitting process: physical adaptation, adjustment of electroacoustic characteristics and user's intrinsic characteristics. Results 30 representative terms of complaint were described due to their high number of occurrences : the term "very loud device / very loud sound" appeared 223 times whereas the term "I cannot hear anything" had the fewest number of occurrences, 25 appearances. In total, there were six complaints related to physical aspects, 17 to adjustments of electroacoustic characteristics, four that could be related to both aspects and two to intrinsic characteristics of the individual. Conclusion It was possible to identify the most frequently reported complaints of hearing aid users. . It was observed that it is feasible, based on a complaint, to address a supposedly related aspect of adaptation and help audiologists find solutions. However, each particular patient and situation must be given individualized attention.

Habilidades de autorregulação emocional e resolução de problemas interpessoais em pré-escolares: relato de experiência / Emotional self-regulation skills and interpersonal problem-solving skills in preschoolers: experience report / Habilidades de autorregulación emocional y resolución de problemas interpersonales en niños en edad preescolar: relato de experiencia

Este trabalho relata a experiência de um grupo de graduandas, vinculadas ao Programa de Educação Tutorial do Ministério da Educação, sobre a imple-mentação de um projeto de promoção das habilidades de autorregulação emocional e resolução de problemas interpessoais em uma escola de educação infantil. Considera-se a idade pré-escolar como estratégica para intervenções de prevenção e promoção em saúde mental e a escola como o contexto mais propício para intervenções proativas. Participaram aproximadamente 80 alunos, com média de 5 anos de idade, de quatro turmas do segundo período de uma escola municipal de educação infantil da cidade de Juiz de Fora/MG. A intervenção subdividiu-se em dois eixos de trabalho: autorregulação emocional e resolução de problemas interpessoais, realizada mediante seis encontros semanais para cada eixo, com a utilização de recursos lúdicos e audiovisuais. A atividade foi avaliada de forma bastante positiva pelas docentes, que rela-taram a apropriação e utilização dos conteúdos pelas crianças, bem como a sua transposição para a sala de aula. Conclui-se que projetos dessa natureza devem ser estimulados com maior frequência na escola, considerando seu potencial de prevenção de comportamentos agressivos e promoção de desenvolvimento socioemocional na infância.

This paper reports on the experience of a group of students, associated with the Tutorial Education Program of the Ministry of Education in Brazil, with a project to promote emotional self-regulation skills and interpersonal problem--solving skills in a preschool. Pre school is known as a strategic period for prevention and promotion actions in mental health and schools are the most proper environment for proactive actions. About 80 students participated, with an average age of 5 years old, from four second period classes of a public city preschool in the city of Juiz de Fora, state of Minas Gerais. The intervention was subdivided into two axes: emotional self-regulation and interpersonal problem-solving. Each axis was developed through six weekly meetings, using playful and audiovisual resources. The intervention was assessed positively by the teachers, who reported that the children learned and used the concepts, applying them in the classroom. In conclusion, projects like this should be stimulated more often in schools, given their potential for preventing aggressive behaviors and promoting socio-emotional development in early childhood.

Este trabajo relata la experiencia de un grupo de estudiantes de pregrado vinculados al Programa de Educación Tutorial del Ministerio de Educación, en Brasil, acerca de la implementación de un proyecto para promover las habili-dades de autorregulación emocional y resolución de problemas interpersonales en una escuela de educación infantil. La edad preescolar es estratégica para intervenciones de prevención y promoción en salud mental y la escuela es el contexto más propicio para intervenciones proactivas. Participaron aproxi-madamente 80 alumnos, con una edad promedio de 5 años, de cuatro clases del segundo período de una escuela municipal de Educación Infantil de la ciudad de Juiz de Fora, estado de Minas Gerais. La intervención se subdividió en dos ejes de trabajo: autorregulación emocional y resolución de problemas interpersonales, realizada a través de seis encuentros semanales para cada eje, con el uso de recursos lúdicos y audiovisuales. La actividad fue evaluada de manera muy positiva por las profesoras, quienes informaron la apropia-ción y uso del contenido por parte de los niños, así como su transposición a la clase. Se concluye que proyectos de esta naturaleza deben ser estimulados con mayor frecuencia en la escuela, considerando su potencial para prevenir conductas agresivas y promover el desarrollo socioemocional en la infancia.

Correlates between sexual desire and disposition to sexual fantasies with inhibitory control and cognitive planning in young Colombians / Correlación del deseo sexual y disposición a fantasías sexuales con control inhibitorio y planificación cognitiva en jóvenes colombianos

Abstract Objective: the research was oriented to investigate the correlation between some executive functions (inhibitory control, risk-benefit calculation, cognitive flexibility, the planning ability, and decision making) and the general, dyadic and solitary sexual desire, sexual desire inhibition and disposition to sexual fantasies in a 17-to-30-year-old people sample. Method: An observational cross-sectional study in a purposive sample of 64 young college students, aged between17 and -30, who were in a couple relationship at the time of the study and gave their consent for their participation in the research. The participants completed the Neuropsychological Battery of Executive Functions and Frontal Lobes tasks (BANFE for its abbreviation in Spanish): Stroop, card games, card classification and Hanoi Tower, and it was administered the Inhibited Sexual Desire Test, the Sexual Desire Inventory (SDI-2) and the Scale of Attitude Towards Sexual Fantasies. Results: The results indicate a correlation between the executive functions and sexual desire; it was found a correlation between total and dyadic sexual desire and disposition towards sexual fantasies with inhibitory control; and the inhibited sexual desire was correlated to planning ability and inhibitory control. Discussion: Although the study presents some methodological limitations (size of the sample and need of a more rigorous validation of instruments in the Colombian population), the results confirm previous research findings, allowing to formulate new hypotheses in the field of sexuality and neurosciences. The study findings draw attention to the educational implications aimed to develop the executive functions in adolescents and young people to prevent risky sexual behavior.

Resumen Objetivo: El estudio se orientó a indagar la relación entre algunas funciones ejecutivas (FE) (control inhibitorio, cálculo de riesgo-beneficio, flexibilidad cognitiva, habilidad de planeación y toma de decisiones) con el deseo sexual general, diádico y solitario, inhibición del deseo sexual y disposición hacia las fantasías sexuales en una muestra de jóvenes entre 17 y 30 años. Método: Estudio de enfoque cuantitativo de corte transversal. Mediante un muestreo intencional por conveniencia se seleccionaron 64 jóvenes entre 17 y 30 años, estudiantes universitarios que se encontraban en una relación de pareja. Para evaluar las variables de las FE se utilizaron tareas de la Batería Neuropsicológica de Funciones Ejecutivas y Lóbulos Frontales (BANFE): Stroop, juego de cartas, clasificación de cartas y Torre de Hanoi, y las variables relacionadas con el deseo sexual fueron valoradas mediante el Test del Deseo Sexual Inhibido, el Inventario del Deseo Sexual (SDI-2, sigla de Sexual Desire Inventory) y la Escala de la Actitud hacia las Fantasías Sexuales. Resultados: Se encontraron correlaciones entre las variables del deseo sexual, disposición hacia las fantasías sexuales y el deseo sexual inhibido; deseo sexual total y diádico y disposición hacia las fantasías sexuales correlacionó con el control inhibitorio; y el deseo sexual inhibido correlacionó con la planificación y el control de impulsos. Discusión: Los hallazgos del estudio llaman la atención sobre las implicaciones educativas encaminadas a desarrollar las funciones ejecutivas en adolescentes y jóvenes con el fin prevenir conductas sexuales de riesgo.

Evolución histórica del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje en Atención integral a la Familia II / Historic Evolution of the process teaching learning in integral Attention to the Family II / Evolução histórica do processo ensino-aprendizagem na Atenção Integral à Família II

RESUMEN Introducción: el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la asignatura Atención Integral a la Familia II sufrió trasformaciones en los diferentes planes de estudio por los que transitó la carrera de estomatología. Objetivo: ilustrar la evolución histórica de la asignatura Atención Integral a la Familia II en la carrera de estomatología, a través de la enseñanza problémica y la educación en el trabajo como vía de adquirir y desarrollar los modos de actuación en estudiantes del cuarto año. Métodos: durante el curso 2018- 2019, en la Facultad de Estomatología de Granma se realizó una investigación educativa con enfoque histórico sobre el tema, utilizando como método teórico el histórico-lógico, inducción- deducción y analítico-sintético. Resultados: se determinaron las regularidades y tendencias a través del diagnóstico fáctico y de las diferentes etapas declaradas en la evolución histórica del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en esta asignatura. Conclusiones: existe variabilidad en la utilización del método y en la forma de enseñanza desde el objeto de la profesión, con insuficiente sistematización teórico- práctica según planes de estudio, lo que mantiene el carácter tradicionalista del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y limita la actuación profesional independiente en el futuro estomatólogo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the teaching-learning process of the Comprehensive Family Care II subject underwent transformations in the different study plans through which the stomatology career passed. Objective: to illustrate the historical evolution of the Comprehensive Family Care II course in stomatology, through problem teaching and education at work as a way of acquiring and developing modes of action in fourth-year students. Methods: during the 2018-2019 academic year, at the Faculty of Stomatology of Granma an educational research with a historical approach was carried out on the subject, using historical-logical, induction-deduction and analytical-synthetic as theoretical methods. Results: the regularities and trends were determined through the factual diagnosis and the different stages declared in the historical evolution of the teaching-learning process in this subject. Conclusions: there is variability in the use of the method and in the way of teaching from the object of the profession, with insufficient theoretical-practical systematization according to study plans, which maintains the traditionalist nature of the teaching-learning process and limits professional performance independent in the future stomatologist.

RESUMO Introdução: o processo ensino-aprendizagem da disciplina Atenção Integral à Família II passou por transformações nos diferentes planos de estudos pelos quais passou a carreira em Estomatologia. Objetivo: ilustrar a evolução histórica do curso de Atendimento Integral à Família II em Estomatologia, através do problema de ensino e educação no trabalho como forma de adquirir e desenvolver modos de atuação em alunos do quarto ano.: Durante o ano letivo 2018-2019, em Na Faculdade de Estomatologia do Granma foi realizada uma pesquisa educacional com abordagem histórica sobre o assunto, utilizando como métodos teóricos histórico-lógico, indução-dedução e analítico-sintético. Resultados: as regularidades e tendências foram determinadas através do diagnóstico factual e das diferentes etapas declaradas na evolução histórica do processo de ensino-aprendizagem nesta disciplina. Conclusões: há variabilidade na utilização do método e na forma de ensino a partir do objeto da profissão, com insuficiente sistematização teórico-prática de acordo com os planos de estudos, o que mantém o caráter tradicionalista do processo ensino-aprendizagem e limita a atuação profissional independente no futuro estomatologista.

Cómo enseñar neurología con el método de aprendizaje basado en equipo / How to Teach Neurology Using the Team-Based Learning Method

Introducción: La enseñanza de la neurología se ha enfrentado a dificultades hoy en día, por lo que ha surgido el término neurofobia, que caracteriza la dificultad y el miedo que los estudiantes de medicina refieren en todo el mundo cuando se trata del contenido de la neurología. Los estudios han demostrado que las estrategias elegidas tradicionalmente para la enseñanza son las principales causas de este fenómeno. La opción de metodologías como el aprendizaje basado en equipo representa una solución en este contexto. Objetivo: Argumentar cómo se implementa el Aprendizaje Basado en Equipo, sus características y cómo puede desarrollarse la enseñanza de neurología mediante este método. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión integradora, a través de la base de datos ERIC, MEDLINE, PUBMED y EBSCO, y mediante las palabras Aprendizaje, Estrategias de enseñanza, Aprendizaje en Equipo, neurología y Examen neurológico, entre 2002 y 2019. Los estudios se incluyeron si trataban sobre el beneficio del método de Aprendizaje Basado en Equipo de neurología, sus características y principios. Resultados: Se encontraron 14 artículos y revisiones sistemáticas, en los cuales el método se definió en cuanto a sus principios y beneficios para el Aprendizaje en neurología, lo que reiteró su papel como una solución para contextos en los que resultaba difícil aprender estos contenidos. Conclusiones: La aplicación de este método requiere, según la revisión, una adecuada planificación y desarrollo de instrumentos de evaluación. Los beneficios del método son evidentes, incluso, como una opción en la lucha contra la neurofobia(AU)

Introduction: Neurology teaching has faced difficulties nowadays, the reason why the term neurophobia has emerged, used to characterize any difficulty and fear that medical students worldwide report when it comes to Neurology-related content. Studies have shown that traditionally chosen teaching strategies are the main causes for this phenomenon. Methodological choices, such as team-based learning, represents a solution in this context. Objective: To argue how team-based learning is implemented, its characteristics and how Neurology teaching can be developed using this method. Methods: An integrative review was carried out, between 2002 and 2019, in the ERIC, MEDLINE, PUBMED and EBSCO databases, using the words aprendizaje [learning], estrategias de enseñanza [teaching strategies], aprendizaje en equipo [team learning], neurología [neurology] and examen neurológico [neurological examination]. The studies were included if they dealt with the benefit of the neurology team-based learning method, its characteristics and principles. Results: Fourteen articles and systematic reviews were found, in which the method was defined in terms of its principles and benefits for neurology learning, which reinforced its role as a solution for settings in which it was difficult to learn these contents. Conclusions: The application of this method requires, according to the literature review, adequate planning and development of evaluation instruments. The benefits of the method are evident, even as an option in the fight against neurophobia(AU)

Executive functions in Parkinson's disease / Funções executivas na doença de Parkinson / Funciones ejecutivas en la enfermedad de Parkinson

The objective of this study was to investigate executive functions (EFs) in older adults with Parkinson's disease (PD). It was a cross-sectional and comparative study, composed of 62 participants divided into PD group (n = 31; M age = 75.26; SD age = 7.26) and control group (n = 31; M age = 74.03; SD age = 6.95), aged 61 to 93 years, recruited for convenience in 5 cities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The instruments used were a sociodemographic data questionnaire; MMSE; GDS-15; BIS-11; verbal fluency tasks (FAS and animals), DEX; WCST-64 and FDT. Descriptive analyzes and Student's t and Chi-square tests were used. The PD group had a lower performance in the WCST-64 and FDT tests compared to controls, indicating worse performance in tasks that required reasoning, cognitive flexibility and processing speed, in addition, showed difficulties in performing tasks that require EF (DEX). (AU)

O objetivo foi investigar as funções executivas (FE) em idosos com Doença de Parkinson (DP). Estudo transversal e comparativo, composto por 62 participantes, 50% do sexo feminino, recrutados por conveniência em cinco cidades do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e divididos em dois grupos: com DP (n = 31; Midade = 75,26; DP idade = 7,26) e grupo controle (n = 31; M idade = 74,03; DP idade = 6,95), com idade entre 61 e 93 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário de dados sociodemográficos, MEEM; GDS-15; BIS-11; tarefas de fluência verbal (FAS e animais); DEX; WCST-64 e FDT. Foram utilizadas análises descritivas e os testes t de Student e Qui-quadrado. O grupo com DP teve desempenho inferior nos testes WCST-64 e FDT em comparação aos controles, indicando pior desempenho nas tarefas que exigiam raciocínio, flexibilidade cognitiva e velocidade de processamento, além disso, mostraram dificuldades ao realizar tarefas que demandam FE (DEX). (AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar las funciones ejecutivas (FE) en ancianos con enfermedad de Parkinson (EP). Se trató de un estudio transversal y comparativo, compuesto por 62 participantes, 50% mujeres, reclutados por conveniencia en cinco ciudades de la provincia de Rio Grande do Sul, y divididos en dos grupos: con EP (n = 31; M edad = 75,26; DS edad = 7,26) y grupo control (n = 31; M edad = 74,03; DS edad = 6,95). Fueron usados cuestionarios de datos sociodemográficos, MEEM, GDS-15; BIS-11; tareas de fluencia verbal (FAS y animales), DEX; WCST-64 y FDT. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, prueba t de Student y chi-cuadrado. El grupo EP tuvo un rendimiento más bajo en las pruebas WCST-64 y FDT en comparación con el grupo control, lo que indica un peor rendimiento en tareas que requerían razonamiento, flexibilidad cognitiva y velocidad de procesamiento, además, mostró dificultades para realizar tareas que demandan FE (DEX). (AU)

Problems and strategies on transformation of scientific and technological achievements in hospitals / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To analyze some problems identified in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in hospitals and put forward corresponding strategies in order to provide reference for other hospitals.Methods:This paper analyzes some problems identified in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in hospitals.Results:The common problems identified in the research include: too many steps in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, market information is asymmetry, there is also risks of leakage and infringement, lack of professional institutions and specialized talents. Several strategies to solve these problems were proposed.Conclusions:The management department needs to create a good external environment to adapt to the transformation of achievements. That is to integrate the intellectual property layout and the transformation of achievements; optimize the transformation model; implement the whole process of security supervision to protect the confidentiality; improve the construction of transformation platform; strengthen the construction of professional talent team. This can promote the "bench-to-bed" transition of medical scientific research, as well as assure the long-term development of scientific and technological innovation.

Effects of problem-solving therapy on breastfeeding self-efficacy and psychological status among primiparas / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of problem-solving therapy on breastfeeding self-efficacy and psychological status among primiparas, to provide basis for improving the breastfeeding of primipara.Methods:A total of 102 primiparas were divided into experimental group and control group by random number table method, each group contained 51 cases. Finally, 47 cases in the experimental group and 49 cases in the control group completed the study. The control group received routine nursing, while primiparas in the experimental group carried out problem-solving therapy. Before and after 6-week intervention, the effects was assessed by Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and General Well-being Schedule (GWB), respectively.Results:After intervention, the scores of primapara feedig cognition, feeding feeling, feeding skills and BSES total scores were (21.13±2.97) points, (65.47±6.63) points, (31.94±2.59) points, (118.53±8.47) points in the experimental group, significantly higher than (19.43±3.28) points, (61.76±5.20) points, (30.53±2.01) points, (111.71±6.11) points in the control group ( t values were 2.658-4.507, P<0.01); the scores of EPDS were (6.04±1.49) points in the experimental group, significantly lower than (6.92±2.08) points in the control group; the scores of life satisfaction and interest, depression and pleasure, energy, relaxation and tension in General Well-Being (GWB) and total scores were (7.51±1.71) points, (20.19±2.47) points, (21.68±2.32) points, (17.06±2.74) points, (90.45±4.96) points in the experimental group, significanlty higher than (6.41±1.82) points, (18.71±2.98) points, (20.57±1.87) points, (15.78±1.79) points, (84.61±5.26) points in the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( t values were 2.380-5.587, P<0.05 or 0.01). Conclusion:Problem-solving therapy can improve breastfeeding self-efficacy and alleviate postnatal depression as well as enhance subjective well-being of primipara women.

Comparison Of The Problem Solving Skills Levels Of Health Department Students Educed At Undergraduate And Associate Degree Level

@#Our study was conducted with the aim of comparing the parameters such as personal control, self-care level, academic achievement and family characteristics that affect the problem solving skill levels of undergraduate and associate degree students studying in health departments. Our research is cross-sectional; those who study at the same university in one year; It was carried out on 200 students, 100 of whom are at undergraduate level and 100 of whom are at associate degree level. In order to obtain the demographic information of the students; The personal data collection form created by the researchers was used and the "Problem Solving Inventory (PSI)" was used to determine problem solving skill levels.Data collection forms and questionnaires were applied with one-on-one interview technique. The voluntariness of the participants was taken as a basis in filling out the questionnaires. After the descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation) of the socio-demographic data obtained and the scale scores and sub-dimension scores were made, two independent groups were compared by looking at their normal distribution conformity. The mean age of associate degree students participating in our study was 20.6 ± 1.26, and 20.8 ± 3.07 for undergraduate students. In comparisons made with PSI, which consists of three different sub-parameters, associate degree students are significantly more successful than undergraduate students in terms of "approach-avoidance", "personal control" and "problem solving questionnaire total score" (p>0.05). No difference was found in terms of "confidence in problem solving ability" sub-dimension. In the comparison of the Problem Solving Questionnaire by gender; no significant difference was found in sub-dimensions and total score(p>0.05). As a result; In all comparisons, problem solving abilities do not differ according to gender. The problem solving skill level was found to be moderate for both genders. As the education level increases; The psychological state, which has an effect on the quality of life, increases in the negative direction. In terms of problem solving abilities, a negative correlation was found with education level in all sub-categories.

Vivências da deliberação moral de enfermeiras no atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel / Experiencias de la deliberación moral de las enfermeras en la atención móvil pre-hospitalaria / Experiences of the moral deliberation of nurses in mobile pre-hospital care

Objetivo compreender como as enfermeiras vivenciam a ação de deliberação moral no cenário de prática. Método pesquisa fenomenológica fundamentada no referencial de Alfred Schutz realizada mediante entrevistas com 12 enfermeiras de um Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência. Da análise ideográfica e nomotética foram obtidas as categorias concretas do vivido. Resultados emergiram três categorias: significados da ação da deliberação moral das enfermeiras no atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel de urgência que se referem ao contexto do atendimento; o conhecimento técnico-científico como fundamento para a ação da deliberação moral; e a dimensão social das relações estabelecidas entre as equipes como fonte de problemas éticos. Conclusão foram desvelados fatores que incidem na prática, revelando elementos que favorecem a deliberação, como as experiências do vivido, o compartilhamento das situações e os conflitos que demandam a tomada de decisão. Emerge, assim, um novo olhar para a prática das enfermeiras pautada em um agir ético, responsável e prudente.

Objetivo entender cómo las enfermeras experimentan la acción de la deliberación moral en el escenario de práctica. Método investigación fenomenológica basada en la referencia de Alfred Schutz realizada a través de entrevistas con 12 enfermeras de un Servicio de Atención Móvil de Urgencia. A partir del análisis ideográfico y nomotético, se obtuvieron las categorías concretas de los vividos. Resultados surgieron tres categorías: significados de la acción de la deliberación moral de las enfermeras en la atención pre-hospitalaria móvil de urgencia que se refieren al contexto de la atención; conocimiento técnico-científico como base para la acción de la deliberación moral; y la dimensión social de las relaciones establecidas entre los equipos como fuente de problemas éticos. Conclusión se revelaron factores que afectan a la práctica, revelando elementos que favorecen la deliberación, como las experiencias de los vividos, el intercambio de situaciones y conflictos que requieren la toma de decisiones. Así, surge un nuevo aspecto para la práctica de las enfermeras basada en una acción ética, responsable y prudente.

Objective to understand how nurses experience the action of moral deliberation in the practice scenario. Method phenomenological research based on Alfred Schutz's reference conducted through interviews with 12 nurses from a Mobile Urgency Care Service. From the idiographic and nomothetic analysis, the concrete categories of the lived were obtained. Results three categories emerged: meanings of the action of nurses' moral deliberation in the mobile pre-hospital emergency care that refer to the care context; technical-scientific knowledge as the basis for the action of moral deliberation; and the social dimension of the relationships established between the teams as a source of ethical problems. Conclusion factors that affect practice were revealed, unveiling elements that favor deliberation, such as experiences of the lived, the sharing of situations and conflicts that require decision-making. Thus, a new look emerges for the practice of nurses based on an ethical, responsible and prudent action.

Modalidades de razonamiento en díadas durante la resolución de problemas lógicos / Modalities of reasoning in dyads during problem solving

Resumen Objetivos: a) Identificar cualitativamente modalidades de razonamiento en díadas que resuelven problemas lógicos; b) explorar si estas varían en función de tres tipos de composición diádica: dos compañeros de baja competencia (simetría baja), dos compañeros de alta competencia (simetría alta) y un compañero de baja competencia junto a otro de alta competencia (asimetría). Método: Participaron 36 díadas (72 sujetos, edad: M=11 años, 3 meses; DE= 7 meses), de alumnos de quinto y sexto grado de primaria de Rosario (Argentina) La tarea consistió en una serie de diez ítems lógicos de dificultad creciente (matrices progresivas). Esta fue realizada de dos maneras: primero, de modo individual; segundo, bajo una modalidad colaborativa (en díada). El análisis de contenido se concentró en ítems seleccionados intencionalmente y estuvo basado en la construcción recursiva de categorías (método comparativo constante). Resultados: El análisis de las interacciones permitió identificar seis modalidades básicas de razonamiento, que fueron desde un nivel inicial basado en una selección arbitraria de la respuesta, hasta un nivel de alta complejidad basado en la construcción de sentido lógico integrando filas y columnas. Por otra parte, las modalidades más rudimentarias (ensayo-error) predominaron en las díadas con simetría baja (40,0%), mientras que las más avanzadas (de construcción de sentido entre filas y/o columnas) así lo hicieron en las díadas asimétricas (47,4%). Conclusiones: Los resultados permiten ahondar en la comprensión de los procesos sociocognitivos entre pares, especialmente en relación a los fundamentos lógicos propuestos en la actividad. Al mismo tiempo, se discute el concepto de modalidad de razonamiento y se lo diferencia del concepto de modalidad sociocognitiva.

Abstract Objetives: (a) To identify qualitatively modalities of reasoning in dyads that solve logical problems; b) to explore if they vary depending on three types of dyadic composition: two low-competence partners (low-competence symmetry), two high-competence (high-competence symmetry); a low-competence subject with a high-competence subject (asymmetry). Method: Participants were 36 dyads (72 subjects, age: M=11 years old, 3 months; SD= 7 months) of 5th and 6th grade of elementary school, from Rosario (Argentina). The task consisted of a series of ten logical items of increasing difficulty (progressive matrices). This was performed in two ways: first, individually; then, collaborative modality (dyad). The content analysis was concentrated on intentionally selected items and was based on the recursive construction of categories (constant comparative method). Results: The analysis of interactions allowed identifying six basic modes of reasoning, that were from an initial level based on an arbitrary selection of the answer, up to a level of high complexity based on logical sense construction integrating rows and columns. Moreover, the most rudimentary modalities (trial and error) predominated in the low-competence symmetry dyads (40.0%), while the most advanced (construction of sense between rows and/or columns) predominated in the asymmetric dyads (47.4%). Conclusions: The results allow to depth in the understanding of peer socio-cognitive processes, especially in relation to the logical fundaments proposed in the activity. At the same time, the concept of modality of reasoning is discussed and it is differentiated from the concept of socio-cognitive modality.